Basic Relative Clauses in Spanish: Que, Donde, and Lo Que

Learn how to use que, donde, and lo que in Spanish relative clauses to connect ideas, describe nouns, and refer to places or whole ideas.

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Basic Relative Clauses in Spanish: Que, Donde, and Lo Que

Relative clauses let you connect two ideas and add information without starting a new sentence.

At A2 level, three especially useful forms are:

  • que — who / that / which
  • donde — where
  • lo que — what / the thing that

Compare:

  • Tengo una amiga. Vive en Madrid.
  • Tengo una amiga que vive en Madrid__. — I have a friend who lives in Madrid.

Que

Que is the most common Spanish relative pronoun. It can refer to people or things.

It often means who, that, or which in English.

Referring to people

  • Tengo un amigo que habla japonés. — I have a friend who speaks Japanese.
  • La chica que trabaja aquí es italiana. — The girl who works here is Italian.
  • Conozco a una profesora que vive en Barcelona. — I know a teacher who lives in Barcelona.

Referring to things

  • Este es el libro que estoy leyendo. — This is the book that I am reading.
  • Me gusta la película que vimos ayer. — I like the movie that we watched yesterday.
  • Necesito un móvil que funcione bien. — I need a phone that works well.

Unlike English, Spanish normally does not omit que in sentences like these.

  • English: The book I bought
  • Spanish: El libro que compré

Not:

  • ❌ El libro compré
  • ✅ El libro que compré

Donde

Donde means “where” and refers to a place.

  • Esta es la cafetería donde desayuno. — This is the café where I have breakfast.
  • Barcelona es la ciudad donde vivo. — Barcelona is the city where I live.
  • ¿Recuerdas el hotel donde nos quedamos? — Do you remember the hotel where we stayed?

A common structure is:

place + donde + clause

  • la casa donde vivo — the house where I live
  • el restaurante donde comimos — the restaurant where we ate
  • la ciudad donde nació — the city where he/she was born

Lo que

Lo que usually means “what” or “the thing that.”

Unlike que, it does not normally refer back to a specific noun.

Compare:

  • Me gusta el libro que compraste__. — I like the book that you bought.
  • Me gusta lo que compraste__. — I like what you bought.

In the first sentence, que refers to el libro.

In the second, lo que means the thing that / what.

Examples

  • No entiendo lo que dices. — I do not understand what you are saying.
  • Haz lo que quieras. — Do what you want.
  • Eso es lo que necesito. — That is what I need.
  • No sé lo que pasó. — I do not know what happened.
  • Me gusta lo que haces. — I like what you do.

Que vs. lo que

This is one of the most important differences to remember.

Use que when there is already a noun before it:

  • La comida que preparaste está muy buena. — The food that you made is very good.
  • El coche que compraron es nuevo. — The car that they bought is new.

Use lo que when you mean “what” or “the thing that” and there is no specific noun before it:

  • Lo que preparaste está muy bueno. — What you made is very good.
  • No entiendo lo que quieres. — I do not understand what you want.

Que vs. donde

Use que to describe a person or thing:

  • El hotel que reservamos es barato. — The hotel that we booked is cheap.

Use donde when the relative clause describes what happens in a place:

  • El hotel donde nos quedamos es barato. — The hotel where we are staying is cheap.

Compare:

  • La cafetería que me recomendaste — the café that you recommended
  • La cafetería donde desayunamos — the café where we had breakfast

Common mistakes

Do not use lo que after a specific noun

  • ❌ El libro lo que compré
  • ✅ El libro que compré

Use lo que when there is no specific noun before it:

  • ✅ Lo que compré fue un libro. — What I bought was a book.

Do not omit que like English can

English can say:

The movie I watched yesterday was good.

Spanish needs que:

  • ✅ La película que vi ayer fue buena.
  • ❌ La película vi ayer fue buena.

Quick rule

Use:

que → after a noun: who / that / which

  • la persona que conozco
  • el libro que leo

donde → after a place: where

  • la ciudad donde vivo

lo que → no specific noun before it: what / the thing that

  • No entiendo lo que dices.